The Week in Quantum Computing - October 14th 2024 - Q-Ctrl, Zapata, China breaks RSA?
Issue #205
Quick Recap
Three (not two not four) big news today, amongs other cool research.
No, Chinese researchers have not break encryption (yet). The news come from a paper that makes that claim, but this is simply an experiment running. The paper available here. The paper researches the potential of quantum annealing in breaking RSA encryption. But it is far from actually doing it. They have done it for a 22 bit number (a bit far from the traditional RSA used today) on a method that raises questions on scalability.
GP Bullhound led a record-breaking $113 million Series B funding round for Q-CTRL completing their previous round. This is one of the biggest funding rounds for a private quantum company so far. Congratulations to the team!
While some grow, some die. It is the nature of companies. Quantum or otherwise. Unfortunately Zapata’s board of directors has decided to halt operations and dismiss the majority of its workforce, including the Chief Financial Officer, as of October 9, 2024. This decision comes amidst financial turmoil, with the company unable to meet its outstanding debt obligations of approximately $2.3 million and other creditor amounts, as its assets fall short of covering these debts. Zapata booked revenues south of $6M and will go down in history as the company that pushed on VQE, one of the first quantum copmanies and the first public / SPAC going down. Meanwhile the other two SPAC’ed companies (Rigetti and D-Wave) are facing delisting again as their share price dropped $1 for far too long.
Also, a significant breakthrough was announced by a team from the Munich Quantum Valley, led by the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and the start-up planqc. They successfully maintained a quantum register of 1200 neutral atoms in continuous operation for over an hour, addressing the challenge of atomic losses by reloading atoms every 3.5 seconds. The quantum technology market is projected to reach $1.2 trillion, with quantum sensing expected to surpass $300 billion by 2029. Additionally, Toyota's collaboration with Xanadu aims to leverage quantum computing for advancements in materials simulations, potentially revolutionizing automotive materials. Google takes a next step in error correction (still in a problem far from applicability). FS-ISAC releases a seminal paper on PQC that will be very useful in Europe. Telefonica continues evolving in quantum comms. If last week IBM’s quantum computer went live in Germany with a lot of fanfare, this week Eviden’s IQM QC goes live in France. A QC for everyone!
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A bit more details on the chinese breaking RSA (if you don’t want to read the paper):
Tried two methods: a pure Quantum Algorithm annealing method
Transforms the RSA integer factorization problem into an Ising or QUBO model.
Introduces a dimensionality reduction formula to save qubit resources and improve stability.
Successfully decomposed a 22-bit integer (2,269,753) using D-Wave Advantage.
Achievements include a significant reduction in the Ising model's coefficient ranges, improving the success rate of decomposition. -
Second method: Hybrid Quantum-Classical Algorithm:
Integrates quantum annealing with classical lattice reduction algorithms (LLL and Babai algorithms).
Optimizes the Closest Vector Problem (CVP) solutions using quantum tunneling, outperforming the Babai algorithm.
Demonstrated the first 50-bit RSA integer decomposition on D-Wave Advantage.
Enhances the search efficiency for smooth pairs in CVP by leveraging quantum annealing.
This method is effectively a small improvement over the already known method to model Shor’s algorithm in a quantum annealer. The researchers don’t tackle the scalability issues while growing the required bits for a modern RSA based encryption. (I.e. we are still safe, nobody has cracked anything)
This is yet another step in the PQC chase. We know researchers from all over the world are pushing the limits of classical and quantum algorithms. Gartner expected 2029 for Q-Day. It could be even earlier!
The Week in Quantum Computing
Quantum advantage for NP approximation? For REAL this time?
In a recent blog post, Scott Aaronson discusses the potential of a new quantum algorithm, Decoded Quantum Interferometry (DQI), developed by Stephen Jordan and colleagues from Google, to achieve better approximation ratios for NP-hard optimization problems. The algorithm targets problems with significant algebraic structure, such as the "Optimal Polynomial Intersection" (OPI), achieving a 0.7179 approximation ratio compared to the best classical algorithm's 0.55. This marks a significant claim of quantum advantage in NP-hard problem approximation since 2014. Aaronson emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence in quantum algorithm research, stating, "My highest loyalty... is only to THE TRUTH." The main takeaway is that quantum computing may offer new avenues for solving complex optimization problems.
https://scottaaronson.blog/?p=8375
Quantum Computing Market Is Going to Boom | Major Giants IBM, Google, Rigetti, Microsoft, Intel
The global quantum computing market, featuring key players like IBM, Google, Rigetti, Microsoft, and Intel, is projected to surge from $2 billion in 2024 to $30 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 35%, according to HTF Market Intelligence. The market is segmented by types such as Quantum Annealing and Universal Quantum, and applications including Healthcare and Cryptography. North America leads the market, while Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region. The study highlights the transformative potential of quantum computing in industries like cryptography and healthcare. "Quantum computing leverages quantum mechanics principles to process information exponentially faster," states HTF Market Intelligence. The main takeaway is the anticipated exponential growth and transformative impact of quantum computing across various sectors.
https://www.openpr.com/news/3679424/quantum-computing-market-is-going-to-boom-major-giants-ibm
US Air Force reservist raises $5M for UK quantum start-up TreQ
Mandy Birch, a US Air Force Reserve brigadier-general and adviser to the UK's National Quantum Computing Centre, has secured $5 million in funding for her UK-based quantum computing start-up, TreQ. The funding round is led by Lavrock Ventures, with contributions from Creator Fund, firstminute capital, and Green Sands Equity. TreQ, located in Milton Park, Oxfordshire, focuses on building open-architecture quantum computers. Birch emphasizes the UK's rapid quantum commercialization and its potential to lead globally. Henry Lane Fox, chairman of Creator Fund, highlights TreQ's potential to pioneer quantum solutions for real-world applications.
https://news.sky.com/story/us-air-force-reservist-raises-5m-for-uk-quantum-start-up-treq-13229603
Series B completed for Q-Ctrl
GP Bullhound has led a record-breaking $113 million Series B funding round for Q-CTRL, a leader in quantum infrastructure software. Founded by Professor Michael J. Biercuk in 2017, Q-CTRL focuses on enhancing quantum computing and sensing technologies. The investment will support Q-CTRL's R&D and product engineering, expanding its global reach and real-world applications. Per Roman, GP Bullhound's Managing Partner, emphasized the transformative potential of quantum technology across industries. Q-CTRL's software, like Fire Opal, has demonstrated significant performance improvements in defense applications.
https://www.gpbullhound.com/articles/powering-the-future-of-quantum-technology/
Quantum computing firms D-Wave and Rigetti face stock exchange delisting, again
D-Wave and Rigetti Computing both announced they have received letters, from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq respectively, warning they are not complying with the minimum required share price for listing. As a result, both could be delisted if their share prices do not improve.
FS-ISAC Guidance Urges Financial Firms to Implement Crypto Agility as a Key Defense Against Quantum Computing Threats
FS-ISAC has released a seminal whitepaper urging financial firms to adopt cryptographic agility as a defense against quantum computing threats. The paper, "Building Cryptographic Agility in the Financial Sector," outlines a comprehensive framework for implementing crypto agility, addressing challenges, and ensuring long-term security. Michael Silverman, FS-ISAC's Chief Strategy & Innovation Officer, emphasized the necessity of crypto agility for business continuity. Peter Bordow of Wells Fargo highlighted the collaboration of over 30 experts in creating the paper. Jamie Gómez García from Banco Santander and Steve Stevens from ASC X9 also stressed the importance of transitioning to quantum-safe cryptography. The main takeaway is that crypto agility is crucial for maintaining trust and security in the evolving financial landscape.
Regulating quantum technology applications: government response to the RHC
The UK government, through the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT), has responded to the Regulatory Horizons Council's (RHC) recommendations on quantum technology regulation. The government agrees that it is premature to establish strict regulatory requirements due to the sector's nascency. Instead, it supports a sector-specific, application-based regulatory approach. The UK National Quantum Strategy, published in 2023, aims to create a regulatory framework that fosters innovation while ensuring ethical use and national security. The government emphasizes a transparent, collaborative, and evidence-based approach to regulation. The Office for Quantum will collaborate with regulators, academia, and industry to prioritize these proposals.
Toyota and Xanadu Collaborate to Pioneer Quantum Computing Applications in Materials Simulations
Toyota and Xanadu have announced a collaboration to advance quantum computing applications in materials simulations. This partnership aims to leverage Xanadu's expertise in quantum technology to enhance Toyota's research in materials science, potentially leading to breakthroughs in automotive materials. The collaboration focuses on using quantum algorithms to simulate and understand complex material properties, which could significantly impact the development of new materials. Xanadu, a leading quantum computing company, is known for its work in photonic quantum computing. This initiative represents a significant step in integrating quantum computing into practical industrial applications. As Xanadu's CEO, Christian Weedbrook, stated, "This collaboration is a testament to the transformative potential of quantum computing in real-world applications." The main takeaway is the strategic integration of quantum computing to revolutionize materials science in the automotive industry.
Quantum Technologies for Air and Space (Part 3 of 3)
Dr. Michal Krelina from the Czech Technical University and Lt. Col. Denis Dubravcik from the Joint Air Power Conference Centre discuss the military applications of quantum technologies in Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT). They highlight quantum imaging systems and sensors like gravimeters and magnetometers, which enhance battlefield awareness and navigation in GPS-denied environments. NATO's Quantum Technology Strategy, introduced in January 2024, underscores the strategic advantages these technologies offer. Quantum imaging, utilizing entangled photons, provides superior resolution and sensitivity, enabling clear imagery in adverse conditions.
https://www.japcc.org/articles/quantum-technologies-for-air-and-space-part-3-of-3/
Quantum register reaches 1200 neutral atoms in continuous operation
A team from the Munich Quantum Valley, led by the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) and the start-up planqc, achieved a breakthrough by maintaining a quantum register of 1200 neutral atoms in continuous operation for over an hour. This advancement, led by Johannes Zeiher, addresses the challenge of atomic losses by reloading atoms every 3.5 seconds. "This technique is an important step towards the practical use of quantum technologies," Zeiher stated. The project, funded by the Free State of Bavaria and the German government, aims to enable large-scale quantum calculations. Dr. Flavien Gyger and Stepan Snigirev highlighted the potential for uninterrupted quantum computing.
https://www.mpq.mpg.de/7011999/10-1200-atom-qubit-register
Eviden drives quantum adoption with installation of IQM Spark quantum computer
Eviden, part of the Atos Group, has partnered with IQM Quantum Computers to install the IQM Spark quantum computer in Angers, France. This initiative aims to facilitate quantum programming and applications for Eviden's clients, enhancing accessibility and affordability. Dr. Cédric Bourrasset of Eviden emphasized this as a "major step" in their quantum journey, offering a practical solution for quantum physics exploration. Dr. Mikko Välimäki, Co-CEO of IQM, highlighted the installation as a commitment to accelerating commercial quantum adoption. The IQM Spark, known for high qubit fidelity, will support educational and experimental research, contributing to Eviden's Qaptiva offering.
Europe’s largest sampling-based photonic quantum computer is operational
Researchers at Paderborn University in Germany have launched Europe’s largest sampling-based photonic quantum computer, the Paderborn Quantum Sampler (PaQS). Developed with support from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and private firms, this system aims to address optical losses in photonic quantum computing. Christine Silberhorn from the Institute of Photonic Quantum Systems highlighted the use of a programmable interferometer to enhance system integration and programmability. The project involved collaboration with Menlo Systems, Fraunhofer IOF Jena, and Swabian Instruments, coordinated by Q.ANT. The PaQS will soon be accessible via the cloud, potentially advancing fields like pharmaceutical research.
https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/quantum-computer-photonic-germany
Google research: Phase transitions in random circuit sampling
A study published in Nature on October 9, 2024, by A. Morvan and colleagues explores phase transitions in random circuit sampling, a key challenge in quantum computing. The research identifies two phase transitions using cross-entropy benchmarking: a dynamical transition related to the number of cycles and a quantum phase transition influenced by error per cycle. The team conducted experiments with 67 qubits at 32 cycles, demonstrating computational complexity beyond current classical supercomputers. The study emphasizes the potential of random circuit sampling to achieve a stable, computationally complex phase with existing quantum processors. "Our experimental and theoretical work establishes the existence of transitions to a stable, computationally complex phase," the authors conclude. The main takeaway is the demonstration of quantum phase transitions that enhance computational complexity in quantum processors.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07998-6
Quantum computing and AI: less compatible than expected?
Quantum computing's potential to revolutionize AI, particularly deep learning, is under scrutiny. Filippo Vicentini from Ecole Polytechnique highlights that quantum computers struggle with neural networks and large data due to their slow processing and error-prone nature. Despite tech firms' promises, a consensus, supported by experts like Torsten Hoefler, Thomas Häner, and Matthias Troyer, suggests quantum computing's impact on AI is limited. Quantum computers are expected to remain slow, akin to 1999-2000 computers, for the next five years. However, AI aids quantum computing development, with companies like Q-CTRL, Google, and Amazon leveraging machine learning. The main takeaway: Quantum computing's transformative impact on AI is not imminent, but AI remains crucial for quantum advancements.
Altair and Technical University of Munich Discover Breakthrough in Quantum Computing for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Altair and the Technical University of Munich have achieved a significant breakthrough in quantum computing for computational fluid dynamics (CFD), as detailed in a paper published in "Computer Physics Communications." The research introduces a quantum algorithm for the Lattice-Boltzmann Method, potentially revolutionizing three-dimensional CFD simulations. Christian Janssen of Altair emphasized the potential for quantum computing to enhance simulation complexity and speed. Nikolaus Adams from the Technical University of Munich highlighted the discovery's potential to advance practical quantum computing applications. The research was conducted at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre using the Atos QLM system.
https://taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/5949659
Hebrew University Researchers Achieve Quantum Computing Breakthrough with Photonic Cluster States
A groundbreaking study by Prof. Yaron Bromberg and Dr. Ohad Lib from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, published in Nature Photonics, has advanced quantum computing through a novel photonic-measurement-based approach. This method utilizes high-dimensional spatial encoding to generate large cluster states, overcoming significant scalability challenges. The researchers successfully created cluster states with over nine qubits at a frequency of 100 Hz, significantly enhancing computation efficiency. Prof. Bromberg stated, "Our results show that using high-dimensional encoding not only overcomes previous scalability barriers but also offers a practical and efficient approach to quantum computing." This innovation marks a significant leap towards faster, fault-tolerant quantum computers capable of solving complex problems.
https://phys.org/news/2024-10-photonics-approach-quantum-efficiency.html
Canada is a sweet spot for growing quantum computing industry, expert says
Canada is emerging as a significant player in the quantum computing industry, with Toronto-based Xanadu achieving quantum supremacy in 2022. Christian Weedbrook, Xanadu's CEO, highlighted their quantum computer, Borealis, solving a problem in two minutes that would take a classical supercomputer seven million years. The Canadian quantum sector, supported by public and private investments, includes 70 companies employing 2,600 people. Key figures like Mike Lazaridis have contributed significantly, with $200 million invested in the Institute for Quantum Computing. Ray Laflamme from the University of Waterloo emphasizes Canada's early adoption and strategic planning through the National Quantum Strategy.
Telefonica and Halotech integrate post-quantum encryption into IoT devices
Telefónica and Halotech have launched a post-quantum encryption solution for IoT devices, enhancing security in critical sectors like mining and healthcare. The TU Quantum Encryption, integrated via Telefónica Tech's Kite platform, ensures secure data transfer and real-time device monitoring. This innovation, showcased on October 17 at Telefónica Innovation Day, is applied to Halotech's Halo I helmets and Halo III bracelets, which feature GPS, SOS buttons, and environmental sensors. Antonio Guzmán of Telefónica highlights the hybrid model's ability to mitigate quantum computing threats, while Manu Marín of Halotech emphasizes the technology's role in optimizing security.
Paper: Quantum Monte Carlo Integration for Simulation-Based Optimisation
Researchers Jingjing Cui, Philippe J.S. de Brouwer, Steven Herbert, Philip Intallura, Cahit Kargi, Georgios Korpas, Alexandre Krajenbrink, William Shoosmith, Ifan Williams, and Ban Zheng from HSBC explore the integration of quantum algorithms in simulation-based optimization, particularly in mathematical finance. The study focuses on quantum Monte Carlo integration, assessing systematic errors and resource requirements for encoding distributions like Gaussian. Key financial applications include evaluating Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional-Value-at-Risk (CVaR), and optimizing Mean-CVaR and Mean-Variance (Mean-Var) under noise conditions. The research benchmarks quantum error mitigation in quantum amplitude estimation, highlighting its utility.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03926v2
Chinese scientists hack military grade encryption on quantum computer: paper
Chinese scientists, led by Wang Chao from Shanghai University, have reportedly executed the first successful attack on a widely used encryption method using a quantum computer. This breakthrough, achieved with a D-Wave Systems quantum computer, poses a "real and substantial threat" to password-protection mechanisms in critical sectors like banking and the military. The team targeted the Present, Gift-64, and Rectangle algorithms, which are foundational to the Substitution-Permutation Network (SPN) structure, integral to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Despite slow progress in general-purpose quantum computing, this specialized attack highlights potential vulnerabilities.
Paper: Error mitigation and circuit division for early fault-tolerant quantum phase estimation
A team of researchers, including Alicja Dutkiewicz and Stefano Polla, has proposed a framework for early fault-tolerant quantum phase estimation (QPE) that balances error correction overhead with residual logical noise. Their approach utilizes a quantum-Fourier-transform-based QPE technique that is resilient to global depolarizing noise, surpassing previous methods at low to moderate noise levels. They introduced Explicitly Unbiased Maximum Likelihood Estimation (EUMLE) to mitigate errors in QPE schemes, addressing a significant challenge in quantum error mitigation.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05369v1
Zapata Computing Holdings Shares Drop 56% on Liquidation News
Zapata said Friday its board approved the termination of all employees, save for a few who will conduct the winding down operations. The company said its financial obligations are more than the fair market value of its assets. Further, the company said it didn't expect to initiate bankruptcy proceedings or seek stockholder approval for the cessation of operation.
Apropos of both the Zapata and Chinese research topics, I guess I should have hyped more a 2021 npj Quantum Information paper I did with Zapata. In "Analyzing the performance of variational quantum factoring on a superconducting quantum processor", we were able to "factor" (after a lot of classical pre-processing) the integer 1099551473989 with *just* 3 qubits.....😂
(FWIW, the point of this work was using their variational quantum factoring algorithm as a way to evaluate processor performance when running QAOA -- not to demonstrate that you could use gate-based QCs for decryption.)